Interconnections on a Large Scale in the OSI Model (2.1.2.1)
Figure 2-6 shows that most WAN activity takes place at the physical layer (OSI Layer 1) and the data connection layer (Layer 2). (OSI Layer 2).
Photos 2-6
Figure 2-6 shows how Layer 1 and Layer 2 work in a WAN.
WAN access standards often talk about how to deliver data at the physical layer and what is needed at the data connection layer (such as physical addressing, flow management, and encapsulation).
Many different groups are in charge of creating and keeping up with standards for wide area networks (WANs).
The Telecommunication Industry Association and the Electronic Industries Alliance (TIA/EIA), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) all set up Layer 1 protocols that describe the technical details of connecting to a communications provider’s services (IEEE).
Protocols, which are part of the second layer of the OSI model, describe how data is packed up to be sent to a faraway location and how the resulting frames are sent. Asynchronous Transfer Mode, Frame Relay, and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) are just some of the technologies that are used (ATM). Several of these protocols share the High-Level Data Link Control mechanism (HDLC).
Many WAN connections are point-to-point. Since this is the case, the address field of the Layer 2 frame is often not used.
Definitions of Slang WANs use in technology.
One of the main ways in which a WAN is different from a LAN is that an external WAN service provider offers carrier network services. A WAN uses data lines provided by carrier services to connect different parts of a company, as well as parts of other companies, external services, and clients who are not in the same building.
The “physical” layer of a WAN is made up of the wires that connect a company’s network to the service provider’s network. FIGURE 2-7: WAN segments and markers are called by names that are standardised.
Examples 2–7 of WAN-related Jargon and What It Means
the words in particular:
CPE, which stands for “customer premise equipment,” is the hardware and wire that connects a customer’s home to a carrier’s network. The subscriber can either buy the customer-premises equipment (CPE) from the service provider or rent it from them. Under this definition, a subscriber is a company that makes a deal with an Internet service provider (ISP) to get wide area network (WAN) services.
DCE, which stands for “data communication equipment,” is a term for all the devices that connect to the local loop and send data. Gear for ending data circuits, or DCE, The Distributed Control Element (DCE) connects users to a wide area network (WAN) in the cloud.
DTE, which stands for “data terminal equipment,”
Is the hardware on the client’s end that is used to send data across a wide area network (WAN). The DCE connects the DTE to the local loop.
A demarcation point is a place inside a building or complex where the networks of service providers and users are separated. The exact limit is the local loop wire junction box linked to the customer premise equipment (CPE). Most of the time, this part will be situated where repairmen will have little trouble gaining access to it. It is the moment at which the service provider takes over responsibility for the connection and the consumer no longer has to do anything to keep it running. Identifying the party (the consumer or the service provider) accountable for issue resolution is essential.
The local loop refers to the physical copper or fibre connection between the customer premise equipment (CPE) and the central office (CO) of the service provider. You may also call it the “final mile,” which is another name for the neighbourhood circle.
Connecting Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) to a service provider’s network often takes place at a physical facility referred to as a central office (CO).
Long-distance digital fiber-optic lines, switches, routers, and other gear inside the WAN provider’s network make up the toll network.
The stability of a network depends on its adaptability, or the ability to make changes to its components such as adding services or increasing capacity without having to deploy brand new gear.
It is not expected that the network would be available under extraordinary conditions such as very high traffic loads or distributed denial-of-service assaults.
Because of the modularization of a network’s various features, its design may be carried out with relative simplicity.
A hierarchical network model is an effective high-level tool for creating a trustworthy network design, but it adds complexity to the process of building a network. In order to define the structure of networks, hierarchical network models are used.
My choice of search language or search terms of technology.
“Voice to skull electromagnetic waves,” lead me to a top-secret research that I just discovered. The study is named “Inputs for psychological dynamics favourable to torture and ill-treatment report,” and it has left me speechless. Targeted individuals had eyes that functioned as cameras; hence, if a TI stood nude in front of a mirror either before or after having a shower, the tracker’s brains or computer could see the reflection of the TI and it would be recorded there. The image and the video both seem to have a cloudy quality to me. The inquiry also uncovered the fact that the harasser who appeared on the TI’s screen had the ability to “read the TI’s innermost thoughts as simply as one reads a newspaper.”
A well-rehearsed script that is based on previous conversations or the reading of ideas is often used as a weapon or tool in order to thwart the target’s typical mental processes and prevent them from carrying out the duties or tasks that have been assigned to them. The research describes how the Tis put voices into each other’s minds as they are conversing in order to create the impression that they are having problems concentrating or that they are mentally ill. EEG Heterodyning is the term given to the method that the perpetrators of the harassment use to take control of the victims’ thoughts. This method uses technology that combines the victims’ voices with imitations of the voices of their close relatives before delivering the signal to the target individual’s skull. In order to properly study the victims and accomplish the intended impact, the neuro programmers or operators brainwash the TIs to remain at home and never leave the safety of their homes.
This results in TIs being removed from the labour field and adds to health problems such as memory loss, pressure fluctuations, cardiac-related disorders, sleep deprivation, and other similar problems. This kind of torture also goes by the names “no touch soft death” and “slow kill.” Both of these terms refer to the same thing.
